Integrative Biological Pathways in Psycho-Oncology: Biomarkers, Psychedelic Therapies, and the Gut-Brain Axis
May 16, 2026 Karthikaa Menon, Khushi Gupta, Smriti Sethi
This review examines how biological markers such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ra can help understand cancer progression, metastasis, and immune response. Evidence from gut-brain axis studies indicates that imbalances in gut flora caused by an overactive immune system or cancer treatment contribute to cognitive deficits and comorbid mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. Microbial genera including Lactobacillus, Anaerobacterium, and Streptococcus are analyzed for their impact on metabolism, psychological well-being, and cancer symptoms such as pain and fatigue. Novel research on psychedelics in adjunct therapies suggests potential benefits for reducing treatment-resistant depression, pain, fatigue, and existential distress in cancer patients. The authors argue for multidisciplinary research to deepen understanding of biological-psychological interactions.