Targeting TLR4/PPARα-mediated neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex: S-ketamine and S-HNK rapidly alleviate depression-like behaviors
Journal of Neuroimmunology July 1, 2026 Quanfeng Zhu, Xiaoyue Zhou, Huangling Gao et al.
Neuroinflammation, particularly Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling, plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which S-ketamine (S-ket) and S-hydroxynorketamine (S-HNK) modulate TLR4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to exert antidepressant effects....