Examining the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Severity Index (DDNSI) Consequences Sub-component
Behavioural Sleep Medicine December 21, 2020 S. Allen, M. Gardani, Asha Akram et al.
A survey of 757 university students in the UK found that the consequences of nightmares can be separated into two distinct types: sleep interference (disrupting sleep quality) and psychosocial well-being (affecting mood and daily functioning). Sleep interference was the strongest predictor of insomnia, while psychosocial well-being was the strongest predictor of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and lower self-efficacy. Both types of consequences showed moderate correlations with nightmare chronicity, insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-efficacy. The findings suggest that distinguishing between these two types of nightmare consequences may be important for understanding their links to mental health in student populations.