Association of temperament (Mizaj) with dream characteristics and sleep quality using the Mannheim dream questionnaire: a cross-sectional study
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health December 31, 2025 Iqra Hashmi, Yusuf Jamal
An individual's mizaj (temperament), a core concept in Unani medicine, is significantly associated with dream characteristics and sleep quality. In a cross-sectional study of 305 adults, dream recall, vividness, lucidity, nightmare frequency, and overall sleep quality differed across mizaj types, while dream valence did not. Safravi participants showed the highest dream recall and vividness; Damvi and Safravi had higher lucidity; Saudavi reported the most nightmares and poorest sleep quality; Balgami exhibited the best sleep quality. These findings support classical Unani theory and suggest temperament-based screening may help identify individuals at risk for sleep disturbances.