Human Foetuses Experience Pain: A Position Paper.
European journal of pain (London, England) 2026 Michelle Hamani, Daniel Ciampi de Andrade, Lisandra Stein Bernardes
The perception and assessment of foetal pain remains a contentious topic due to challenges in evaluating and detecting non-verbal behaviours. While it is widely accepted that newborns experience pain, measured through validated behavioural scales, debate persists regarding the onset of pain perception during intrauterine development. We reviewed the available literature to prepare a position...