Modeling metacognition and executive functions in the metacognitive wisconsin card sorting test using the neuropsychological digital-twin method.
Scientific Reports February 3, 2026 Giovanni Granato, Andrea Mattera, Emilio Cartoni et al.
A new computational model integrates executive functions and metacognition to explain goal-directed behavior. The model, tested with the Metacognitive Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, reproduces data from healthy individuals and those with Anorexia Nervosa or Schizophrenia. Results reveal hidden similarities between the disorders—motivational impairment and over-confidence—alongside differences: perseveration and poor self-improvement in Anorexia Nervosa, distraction and poor self-evaluation in Schizophrenia. Simulations predict that metacognitive-based psychotherapy benefits differ by condition, highlighting the need for personalized interventions. The digital-twin method offers a framework for neuropsychological profiling and prediction.