Gianmarco Maldarelli

Conscious birds.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences November 13, 2025 Gianmarco Maldarelli, Onur Güntürkün

In this article, we start from the assumption that consciousness is not the ultimate triumph of human evolution but rather represents a more basic cognitive process, possibly shared with other animal phyla. In this article, we show that there is growing evidence that (i) birds have sensory and self-awareness, and (ii) they also have the neural architecture that may be necessary for this. We...