A pilot randomized controlled trial compared a mindfulness-based intervention for tics (MBIT) with psychoeducation, relaxation, and supportive therapy (PRST) in 28 adults with Tourette's syndrome or persistent tic disorder. MBIT led to a significantly greater reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptoms at posttreatment than PRST. No significant differences between groups were found for ADHD symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress, or functional impairment at posttreatment. Outcomes at 1- and 6-month follow-ups were reported descriptively. The authors suggest larger clinical trials are needed to test these initial findings.
Prolonged and frequent misuse of nitrous oxide, especially among adolescents and young adults, can cause lasting neuropsychiatric harm. The gas disrupts vitamin B12 metabolism, impairing myelin production and leading to spinal cord degeneration. Neuroimaging shows deactivation of the hippocampus and visual cortices, matching observed memory and sensory deficits. Psychiatric complications include depression, delusions, and agitation. Early intervention with cessation, vitamin B12 supplementation, and medications such as naltrexone and aripiprazole may help. Epidemiological factors like low socioeconomic status, peer influence, and concurrent alcohol or cannabis use increase the likelihood of misuse. Significant gaps remain in understanding long-term outcomes and effective treatments.