The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibogaine in opioid use disorder patients.
Thomas Knuijver, Rob Ter Heine, Arnt Schellekens, Paniz Heydari, Luc Lucas, Sjoerd Westra, Maarten Belgers, Toon Van Oosteren, Robbert Jan Verkes, Cornelis Kramers
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) May 1, 2024 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241237873 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational cohort Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 14 |
| Population | Patients with opioid use disorder undergoing detoxification |
| Intervention | Ibogaine hydrochloride |
| Dose | 10 mg/kg |
| Duration | 24 hours |
| Topics | Addiction Ibogaine |
| Keywords | Pharmacokinetics Qtc Pharmacodynamics Ibogaine therapy: ibogaine Promising treatment Opioid addiction Treatment effectiveness Personalized dosing Pharmacogenetics: patient's genetics Cyp2d6 gene Clearance Concentrations Neurological effects Overall safety profile |
| Citations | 15 |
| Key findings | Ibogaine clearance is strongly related to CYP2D6 genotype, and ibogaine plasma concentrations correlate with QTc prolongation and cerebellar effects, while noribogaine does not. |
Abstract
Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic drug that may be used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). The relationships between pharmacokinetics (PKs) of ibogaine and its metabolites and their clinical effects on side effects and opioid withdrawal severity are unknown. We aimed to study these relationships in patients with OUD undergoing detoxification supported by ibogaine. The study was performed in 14 subjects with OUD. They received a single dose of 10mg/kg ibogaine hydrochloride. Plasma PKs of ibogaine, noribogaine, and noribogaine glucuronide were obtained during 24 h. Cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotyping was performed. The PKs were analyzed by means of nonlinear mixed effects modeling and related with corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation, cerebellar ataxia, and opioid withdrawal severity. The PK of ibogaine were highly variable and significantly correlated to CYP2D6 genotype (p < 0.001). The basic clearance of ibogaine (at a CYP2D6 activity score (AS) of 0) was 0.82 L/h. This increased with 30.7 L/h for every point of AS. The relation between ibogaine plasma concentrations and QTc was best described by a sigmoid Emax model. Spearman correlations were significant (p < 0.03) for ibogaine but not noribogaine with QTc (p = 0.109) and cerebellar effects (p = 0.668); neither correlated with the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The clearance of ibogaine is strongly related to CYPD2D6 genotype. Ibogaine cardiac side effects (QTc time) and cerebellar effects are most likely more driven by ibogaine rather than noribogaine. Future studies should aim at exploring lower doses and/or applying individualized dosing based on CYP2D6 genotype.
Comparable studies
Other observational and cohort studies on ibogaine for addiction, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of opioid use disorder with ibogaine: detoxification and drug use outcomes. Adults with DSM-IV opioid dependence | 2018 | Observational study | n = 30 |
| Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study. Individuals receiving legal ibogaine treatment for opioid dependence in New Zealand | 2018 | Observational study | n = 14 |
| Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: a retrospective study. Former alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and crack users (72% poly-drug users) | 2014 | Retrospective analysis | n = 75 |
| Changes in Withdrawal and Craving Scores in Participants Undergoing Opioid Detoxification Utilizing Ibogaine. Participants with opioid use disorder undergoing ibogaine detoxification | 2018 | Observational cohort | n = 50 |
| Ibogaine and Subjective Experience: Transformative States and Psychopharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Participants with opioid use disorder in Mexico (n=30) and New Zealand (n=14) | 2019 | Observational study | n = 44 |