Modifying Informed Consent to Help Address Functional Unmasking in Psychedelic Clinical Trials.
Michelle Matvey, Dennis Parker Kelley, Ellen Bradley, Winston Chiong, Aoife O'Donovan, Josh Woolley
JAMA Psychiatry March 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4312 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Keywords | Clinical-trials Psychedelics Research-methodology Medical-ethics Informed-consent |
| Citations | 12 |
| Key findings | Modifying informed consent to obscure study design details has been used in several psychedelic clinical trials and may help address the problem of ineffective masking, but it poses significant ethical risks and has not been explicitly tested. |
Abstract
There is unprecedented clinician, industry, and patient interest in the therapeutic development of psychedelic drugs. This is due to a combination of promising clinical trial results, positive media coverage, and the lack of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders in recent decades. However, the field faces a key methodological challenge: masking participants to treatment conditions in psychedelic clinical trials has been largely unsuccessful. When participants can tell whether they received active drug or placebo, their responses to clinical assessments, questionnaires, and even their functional imaging and biological data can be influenced by preconceptions about treatment effects. Positive patient expectancies combined with ineffective masking may skew outcomes and inflate effect sizes. This complicates efforts to determine the safety and efficacy of psychedelic drugs. Here, we explore a method to help address this problem: modifying informed consent to obscure information about the study design. We reviewed all contemporary (2000-2024) clinical trials of psychedelic or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) therapy and corresponded with the investigators to compile information on the use of modifications to informed consent in these studies. Modifying informed consent to obscure details of the study design has been implemented in several psychedelic clinical trials and may offer a way to strengthen masking. However, this approach poses significant ethical risks. We examine examples of modifications used in the psychedelic literature, discuss the current regulatory landscape, and suggest strategies to mitigate risks associated with modified informed consent. Incorporating modified informed consent in future psychedelic clinical trials may improve interpretability and impact, but this has not been explicitly tested. Modifications to informed consent may not be appropriate in all cases, and risks to participants should be minimized by implementing appropriate guardrails.