Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Autonomic Modulation Caused by Chronic Use of Ketamine Hydrochloride Can Be Prevented by Aerobic Exercise Training in Wistar Rats.
Journal of Clinical Medicine October 24, 2025 Adriano Dos-Santos, Lucas Porto Fernandes Dos Santos, Gabriela Da Silva-Santos et al.
Background/Objectives: Ketamine, widely used for its anesthetic and analgesic properties, has been linked to cardiotoxic effects, particularly with chronic use. Prolonged ketamine exposure may impair cardiovascular function, while aerobic exercise is known to promote protective cardiovascular adaptations. This study aimed to evaluate whether aerobic training can mitigate the deleterious...