Abstract Background Within the rapidly expanding field of psychedelic research, psilocybin, along with its active metabolite psilocin, has emerged as a highly promising candidate in the search for innovative treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. In this context, preclinical research using animal disease models has produced somewhat inconsistent results when employing standard tests to...
Determining whether a system possesses consciousness stands as a core cross-disciplinary puzzle spanning science and philosophy. Mainstream existing criteria—including behavioral imitation, neural correlates, and integrated information index—all rely on specific theoretical presuppositions, undermining their persuasiveness across different frameworks. This paper argues that the root of this...